South America thlanglei atawka in aa thawk i, Nitlaklei Pacific Rilikam thluahmah in Alaska in Japan ram in Philippines,Indonesia le Papua New Gunea in in New Zealand tiang hi kutdong hrolh bantuk in lihninhnak hmun hi aa tlai. Cucah "Mei Kutdonghrolh" (Rinf of Fire) tiah an tinak asi. USA ram California ramkulh zong alutaw chuak in "Mei Kutdonghrolh" chungah aa tel.
California ah hin, San Adrea Vawleikak timi a um. Cu vawleikak aa kalnak kuakap hi California ah lihninh a tamnak bik asi. Lihninhnak kong he pehtlai in, scientist nih tambik an hlathlaimi le a kawng an cawnmi cu San Andrea Fault timi vawleikak hi asi. Hi vawleikak hi khuaruahhar taktak asi i, lihninhnak nih hin zeitluk in dah vawlei hi a hrawh khawh timi a langhtertu vawleikak asi.
Mei Kutdonghrolh
San Andreas Vawleikak zong hi, "Mei Kutdonghrolh" timi area chung a um. Hi vawleikak nih hin, Plate Tectonics ruangah lihnin a chuahnak kong a langhter i, lihnin nih zeitluk ind ah tih a nun timi zong a langhter. Hi hmunhma hrawng ah khuapi hna zong an um caah, hmailei ah rawhralnak fak tuk a chuahnak hnga lo mifim pawl nih an hlathlat pengmi hmun asi.
San Andreas Vawleikak hmunkhat
A liamcia kum million 30 tluk ah Plate Tectonics timi vawleitang lungdar lianlian an i thawnnak ruangah San Andreas Fault timi vawleikak a rak chuak. Cu vawleikak a chuakmi cu a lianh tuk pinah a sau tuk. Cun a kauh zong a kau tuk i, a thuh zong a thuk tuk fawn. A cheu hmunhma zawn ahcun hawrkuang bantuk in a kau i a thuk. Acheu hmunhma ahcun ti zong aa dil i, San Andreas Tibual timi zong cu vawleikak ah tii a dilmi tibual asi.
Atanglei map i aa piahmi hi, San Andreas Fault timi vawleikak hmanthlak cu asi. A sau ngaingai i, California a lutaw chuak in a kakmi asi. Acheu hmun ahcun a zurzur in an kak i, a cheu hmun ahcun hmunkip ah teng in an kak. Hi hmun ahcun vawlei zong hmun tam taktak ah an min. Vawlei an tum i, an pawk than. A cheu cu khualak ah aum i, a cheu cu mi dumhau kam ah a rak kakmi an si.
Paciifc Plate le North American Plate kal ning
San Andreas Vawleikak hi a sau ngai i, hi a kahnak chung vialte hi, tlang zong a kak i, lungpang zong an kak i, hmunrawn, tiva, cerh, tlang le rili chung tiang in an kak. Acunglei hmanthlak hi, vawlei kakmi a umnak zawn asi. Atanglei hi vawleikak a kalnak hmun zawn i, lung a kakmi an si. Hi lung hi minung duhpaoh in umkal khawhnak in a kah caah, tourist tampi nih an zohmi hmun a si.
Acheu hmun ahcun lunghakmi zong an i cheu
Hi bantuk in hmun tampi ah lung an i cheu
San Andreas vawleikak hi, hlanlio ah an rak thei lo. Tivakuar le amah um in um sawhsawh bantuk in an rak ruah. University of California Professor Andrew Lawson (geologist) nih 1895 ah chaklei kap kakmi a rak hmuh hmasat. Amah nih tibual min San Andreas min chuankhan in San Andreas Fault tiah min asak. Ahnu ah an hlat lengmang i, hi vawleikak hi meng 810 asau ti asi.
Hi vawlei kahnak a ruang cu San Andreas Fault i nitlaklei ummi Paficific Plate timi vawlei tang lung darpi khi nitlak-chaklei hawih in aa thawn i, nichuahlei ummi North American Plate timi nichuah-thlang lei hawih in aa thawn. Kum khat ah lehmah 1.3 tluk in an i thawn. Nikhat caan khat ah an i then taktak tikah li aa hnin i, vawlei kahnak a chuak.
Vawleikak nih a chuahpimi San Andreas Tibual
Acheu hmun ahcun hmun tampi in an kak
1906 San Francisco lihnin
1971 San Francisco Lihnin
Hi San Andreas Vawleikak zawn ah hin, li voi tam ngai aa hnin i, a cheu cu an fak ngai. 1857 ah 7.9 fakmi li aa hnin i alaifang le thlanglei California ah meng 217 vawlei a cheuter; 1906 ah San Francisco Lihnin a chuak i 7.8 a cakmi asi. Meng 267 a chuter i innlo tam tuk a kang i, minung 3,000 an rak thi. 1971 San Francisco lihin zong nih rawhnak tampi a chuahpi. 1986 ah aa hnin than i meng 25 vawlei a cheuter nain vawleicung tiang a lang lo. 2004 ah 6.0 tha cakmi aa hnin than. Hi hnu kum 30 chungah hi vawleu cheu mi hmun ah hin tha 6.7 lihnin a chuak lai tiah an ti. Cucu za ah 21%-59% hi a fiang an ti.
1989 ah thazaang 6.9 a cakmi lihnin, California a chaklei Oakland pawng ah a chuak. Innlo rawkmi $5.6-6 tluk asi. Innlo le lamsul tam tuk rawhralnak a chuahter. Inn tampi a kang. I-880 timi Cypress Freeway (Cypress Viaduct) timi dot hnih hleipi cu a rawk i, cu nih cun minung 42 a thah hna i, tam tuk an rak i hliamkhuai. Lihnin ruangah hmun 1,000-4,000 tluk ah vawlei a min. Minung an zapite 63 an thi i, 3,757 an i hliamkhuai.
Cypress Freeway a cimmi
San Andreas Vawleikak pawng hrawng hi, khualian tampi umnak asi caah, lihnin kong thiammi scientist pawl nih nifatin tein an hlathlai peng. University of California, Berkeley hlaihlaitu (reseachers) pawl nih million $1.2 project dih in San Andreas vawleikak umnak vawlei thuhnak chung pi vawlei cawlcangmi hi, lihnin he an i khat maw timi an ngiat peng. Cu vawlei cawlcangmi cu vawleitang a thuhnak pi ummi lung hna an kuaiman ruangah asi tiah an ti. Hi 1.2 million project hi Gordon le Betty Moore Foundation nih an tuahmi asi. Santa Cruz County ah rawhnak fakbik a rak chuak.
San Andreas Fault ah scientist hna nih lihnin kong an hlat peng
San Andreas Vawleikak he aa hlatnak hmun cheukhat zongah lihnin hi a karh chin lengmang. Cucu scientist pawl caah biahalnak pakhat asi ve than. Cucu aruang zeidah asi hnga tiah kum zeimaw zat chung cu scientist pawl an buai ngai. Vawlei tang ah thil sining aa thlen ruangah maw asi hnga tiah an rak ruah sawhsawh.
Tii thazaang hmang in Ohio meiti/gas cawhnak hmun pakhat
Asinain, nihin ni i USA i a tam chin lengmangmi lihnin hna hi, meiti cawhnak he an pehtlaihter ngai cang. Zeicatiah lihnin tambiknak California nakin Oklahomah lihnin a tam deuh cang caah an lung a hring ngaingai. Tahchunhnak ah, athazaang 3+ nak tam deuhmi lihnin hi Oklahoma ramkulh ah hin, 2013 ah 109 lawng a um i, 2014 ahcun 585 aa hnin ti asi. Meiti tampi chuahnak California, Texas, Okahoma le Ohio zong ah lihin hi a karh ngaingai ti asi.
Scientist pawl nih an tuak lengmang tikah, hiti lihninh a karhmi hi "tii thazaang hmang in meiti cawhnak" (hydraulic fracture) timi ruangah asi ko tiah an ti. Hydraulic Fracture timi cu tii tam taktak, theset le chemical hmang in vawlei a thuh taktaknak lungkar i aa tenhmi pawl gas le meiti kha akah in kah i, meiti le gas chuahnak tuah kha asi.
Meiti cawhnak ruangah Ohio lihnin nih lam a hrawhmi
Hi bantuk in meti an cawh hnu ah hin, lihnin a a zual i, lihnin le hi bantuk meiti cawhnak aa pehtlaihnak hi naite lawng in an theih. 2009 hrawng lawng in scientst an lung a rak hrinmi asi. Canada le USA scientist pawl an lung a hrinnak in, hlathlai hram an thawkmi si.
Ohio hi lihninh a tlawm ngaingaimi ram asi nain, meiti tam ngai an cawh cang caah lihnin hi Youngtown khua kuakap ah a chuak pah lengmang cang. Texas ahcun meiti cawhnak tii hnawmtam hlonhnak hmanh hi, hmun 50,000 a um i, meitikhur 216,000 cawhnak an hmanmi tihnawmtam pawl an si. Meitikhuat pakhat cawhnak ah tii gallons 4,500,000 adih ti asi.
San Andro Meitikhur, California
Cucaah kokek in lihnin a tam chinchap ah minung thiltinak ruangah USA hi lihnin a tam chin lengmang cang lai timi kha a fiang ko. A tuan deuh le tlai deuh, a din deuh le fak deuh lawnglawng an si lai. Cuti asi caah, innlo, lamsul a rawh tuk sualnak hnga lo le minung an thihloh sualnak hnga lo ding caah, ahlankan in lihnin theih khawh chung dingin sceintist pawl zong nih, chunzan a bawh bak in an bawh i lihin hi an hlathlai peng.
Minung kan karh chin lengmang. Meiti herh ning a tam chinchin. Meiti lo in vawleicung hi as i kho ti lo. Minung herhmi asi ruangah, sipuazi ca le thanchonak caah meiti cotu zong nih, an cawh chin lengmang. Vawleichung muru tamtuk an hrawh. Vawlei fekfuan lo ngai in a chung ah a um chin lengmang. Cucaah mah kokek lihnin pinah, hi meiti cawhnak nih hin, USA ah lihnin a tam chin lengmang cang lai timi cu, "vawlei bengh in nganh khawh asi lo bantuk asi ko cang."
No comments:
Post a Comment