Tlang Sangbik 10

Hi hna hi vawleicung tlang sangbik (10) an si. An zapite in Himalaya tlangthluan ah a ummi an si. Pahra nak in ka van tial hmasat lai.


                    Himalaya Tlang Thluan tlangpar dawhdawh (Ref. Wikepedia)


    Vawleicung tlang sangbik 10 umnak map

10. Annapurna
Umnak: Nepal
Asan: 26,545


                         Annapurna Tlangpar

9. Nanga Parbat
Umnak: Pakistan
Asan: 26,660


8. Manaslu
Umnak: Nepal
Asan: 26,781



7. Dhaulagiri
Umnak: Nepal
Asan: 26,795



6. Cho Oyu
Umnak: Nepal/Tibet Ramri
Asan: 26,906



5. Makalu
Umnak: Nepal/Tibet Ramri
Asan: 26,906



4. Lhotse
Umnak: Nepal/Tibet
Asan: 27,940



3. Kangchenjunga
Umnak: India/Nepal Ramri
Asan: 28,169




         Kangchenjunga tlangpar pawng khua

2. K2 (Mt. Godwin Austen)
Umnak: Pakistan/China ramri
Umnak Tlangthluan: Karakoram
Asan: 28,251





1. Mt. Everest
Umnak: Nepal
Asan: 29,035 (acheu nih 29,029 asi an ti)




Tlangpar cu khuadawm cungah a cuang










       Tlangpi Kepha Tangah

Kawl phungthluk ka uar tukmi pakhat a um. Cucu "Tlang cu zeitluk hmanh in sang sehlaw, kephatang ah a um ko" timi a si. Acunglei tlang 10 kong ah hin, a sangbik mi Mt. Everest kong hi tlawmte in van tial ka duh.

1856 ah, Great Trigonometric Survey of India timi nih Everest Tlangpar a sannak hi hawihlan bik ah ca in an rak tial. Amin ah Peak XV (29,002) tiah an rak tial. 1955 kum India nih survey an rak tuah i, atu lio Everest Tlang a sannak pe 29,029 timi hi, Nepal le Tuluk ram hlathlaitu hna nih an pawm.

Everest timi min hi, 1865 ceu in min sak a si. Andrew Waugh timi British Surveyor General of India i hotu pa nih ruahnak a pekmi hna hnuah, Royan Geographical Society nih min an rak sakmi a si. Mr. Waugh nih hin, amah hlan deuh ah rian a rak tuan cangmi Sir. George Everest min chuankhan in a rak sakmi a si. Tibet miphun hna nih hin, hi tlang hi, "Chomolungma" tiah kum tampi an rak au ko cang nain, hi lio caan ah, Nepal le Tibet cu damdangmi luh lo ding in an rak phih caah, Mr. Waugh nih hin an min sakmi a rak theih khawh lo caah, Everest tiah min a saknak asi. Cu min cu vawleicung pumpi nih an theihnak cang.

Hi tlang hi an rak kai kho lo nain, Trigonometry fimthiamnak in a san hi pe an rak tah khawh chung. Cucaah 1952 kum ah, Bengal in a rami, Radhanath Sikdar timi India kanan tuak thiam pa nih hin, Everest hi vawleicung tlang sang bik asi tiah a rak theih hmasat.

Minung tamtuk nih Everest tlangpar hi kai an rak izuam nain, tlangpar an rak phan kho lo. May 29, 1953, zinglei suimilam 11:30 ah, New Zealandmi Edmund Hillary le Nepalmi Tenzing Norgay hna nih, vawleicung tlang sangbik Everest tlangpar cu an lamh khawh i, "Tlangpi cu zeitluk hmanh in sang sehlaw, minung kepha tangah a um ko" timi phungtluk bia cu tehte an khan khawh.

Edmund Hillary le Tenzing Norgay Everest Tlangpar ah (1953)


Tlangpar ah voi tambik a kaimi cu Apa Sherpa timi Nepalmi asi i voi 21 a kai cang. 2010 tiang ah hin, 5104 an kai cang i, hi chung ah 3142 cu an mah pumpak tein a kaimi an si. Adang cu abu in a kaimi an si.

Everest tlangpar a kaimi tarbik cu Yuichiro Miura timi Japanpa asi i, kum 80 (2013) asi ah tlangpar aphan. Anobik cu Jordan Romero asi i kum 13 (2010) asi ah tlangpar a phan. Nu tarbik tlangpar aphanmi cu Tamae Watanabe asi i, kum 73 (2012) ah tlangpar a phan. Tlangpar ah voi tambik kaimi hna cu Apa Sherpa (1990-2011 kar ah) le Phurba Tashi (199-2013 karah) an si i, voi 21 veve an kai cang.


           Apa Sherpa



Everest tlangpar ah Yuichiro Muira (2013)


Everest Tlangpar ah Jordan Romero (2012)


Everest tlangpar ah Tamae Watanabe (2012)

Minung fimnak zeitluk hmanh in sang ko sehlaw, a caan ahcun kokek nih akan tei than tawn i, Everest tlangpar a kaimi hna acheu khat cu tlangpar phan manh lo in nunnak a liammi zong tampi an um. Zeicatiah, tlang a san tuk caah, a khuacaan hi chim chung awk a tha lo. A duh paoh in aa thleng tawn. Thli a kih lawng silo in nunnak caah a herh bikmi oxygen thli a pan tuk cang i, thli an i zaat ti lo ruang ah a thimi zong an um. Acheu cu khuadawm nih a tuam hna i, tumnak an hmuh khawh ti lo caah an thi. A cheu vur nih a tlak hna; a cheu cheng ah an tla tibatuk in minung tamlak an thi cang. 1996 tlangkai caan ah, minung 15 an rak thi. May 11 ni lawng ah, mi 8 an rak thi. Cuticun Everest tlangpar kai an rak izuamnak 1922 in 2013 tiangah mi 200 renglo an thi cang.

A thimi cheukhat ruak cu an hmu lo; vur nih a tuam dih hna. Acheu cu an hmuh ko zongah lak awk tih anun tuk caah an la kho hna lo. A cheu cu zeitindah an thih timi zong nihin ni tiang theih khawhlomi tampi an um ve. Nihin ni tiangah, a thimi ruak lak khawh lomi hi, 150 a um cang ti asi. Cuticun tumtahmi "Everest tlangpar cu micheu caahcun an thlanmual ah a cang."

Atanglei hmantlak cheukhat hna hi, Everest tlangpar ah, nunnak a liammi hna hmanhlak an si. Hi mi athi mi vialte hna an nunnak hi, liam ko hmanh sehlaw, hi hna ruak nih, anungmi hna caah, philh khawhlomi dingmi roca an tialta. Cucu "Minung hi zeiltuk in dah kan thawn timi le zuamnak hi zeitluk in dah a biapit? Ralthatnak tello cun zei thil hmanh tlam atling kho lo; thil tuah duhmi tlamtlinhnak ding caah zuam, thlanti, thazaang le thisen chuah tiang in biatak chuah a hau" timi rolung a kan tial piakta. Ka kai kho ko lai timi zumhnak ruangah nunnak liam cu, asunglawimi nunnak liam a si.

Hi athimi vialte hna philhlonak caah an ruak hmanthlak hna ka van tar. Pangpar bang in Everest tlang ah nunnak a ziammi hna phihlonak caah asi.













            Chengah an tla i an thi



   Hitin thut bu hna in an thi

An nunnak liam ko hmanh sehlaw, Everest tlang tuanbia an chim fate, hi hna hi philh an si ti lai lo.

Thanksgiving Day (Thlaithar Puai)

Thanksgiving Day hi USA le Canada ah an uar ngaingaimi nisunglawi bik pakhat a si. Hi ni cu, chungkhar  ton ni, rawl dumti ni le nuamhnak nisunglawi asi. Atu chan ahcun, lentecelh ni zong ah an hman. Khualian deuh New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Houston le Detroit tibantuk ahcun, Thanksgiving Parade an ti i, nuam taktak in lamzulh ni le aphunphun piahni a si. Mi tampi caah thluaruah rel le Pathian sin thlacamnak nisunglawi a si ve.

Mirang a rak pemmi hna khua an tlak hmasatnak James Town map

Aa Thawknak

Europe ram in, America ramthar a rak pemmi hna nih Thanksgiving avoikhatnak an rak tuah lio ah, "Thlaithar puai ca asiloah kum khat chung an cinthlakmi thilri theipar tampi a vui caah Pathian thangthatnak in an rak hmanmi a si." Cucaah, cinthlakmi theipar an lak dih hnu, khuasik thinghnah tlak a dih lai hrawng ah an rak tuah tawnnak a si. Vawleimi tampi nih, kum thawng tampi thlaithar puai hi an rak tuah cang. Hi American Thanksgiving zong hi, England ram i an rak tuah tawnmi thlaithar puai an rak peh zulhmi in aa thawkmi si dawh a si.

 Thanksgiving Day an tuah hmasat cemnak hmunhma

Thanksgiving Day aa thawknak cu hitin a si.  December 4, 1619 ah, Mirang miphun mipem 38 cu James River kam, Berkeley Plantation timi (atulio Charles City, Virginia) an rak phan. Cu hna nih zulhmi phung an rak ngeihmi cu, "Hi hmun kan phakni hi kum fatin in kan ulh lai i , cu ni cu Pathian sin lawmhnak chimni ah kan hman lai" an rak ti. America Avoikhatnak Thanksgiving an rak tuah lio ah hin, Pathian biaknak ni lawnglawng a rak si. Eidin a rak i tel lo.

                    James River 

Atanglei ca tarmi hi, Berkeley Plantation pawng i, an tarmi ca asi

Berkeley Plantation Hmun Kong Catialmi

Thanksgiving Day an tuah hmasatnak kong Catawi

      Berkeley Plantation hmunhma pakhat

  Plymouth, MA ramtlatu hna umnak map

   Chanthar Plymouth Khua umnak

New England ramkulh i a voikhatnak bik thanksgiving cu Plymouth ramtlatu (colonists) pawl nih America an rak pemnak in kum khat a tlin hlan deuh vak ah Plymouth ah an rak tuah ve. Plymouth cu Massachusetts ramkulh nichuahlei rilikam ummi asi caah a kik ngaingai. Ramthar tlatu an dihlak i, zat ceu cu Massachusetts khuasik le zawtnak nih a rak thah hna. Asinain 1621 thal a hung chuah tikah, ruahchannak thar a rak chuak.

Cu ramthar tlatu hna nih, an cinthlakmi fangvoi, changvut, barley le pe hna, an theipar an that tikah, an tha a rak nuam tuk. Kum a vui ngaingai lai tiah an rak i ruahchan. Cucaah Governor Bradford nih "thlaithar tuah ding in le Pathian sin ah lawmhnak chim ding in puai tuah ding a rak khan pi hna." Puai cu ni (3) chung an tuah. 

Thanksgiving Day ni ah an, Plymouth ummi upa hna nih "turkey va, geese le duck timi cawmpai hna kha an va kah hna. An meh ah ngarul, clam timi cengkawl phun le nga phunkip te an rak itel. Ramtang metei, khachuanpi, fangvoi ningtlik, tibelh (watercress) a rak i tel. Nu upa hna nih innleng ah rawl an rak chumhchuan. Ngakchia cu nulepa pawngah lente an rak i celh. Indian miphun 90 tluk zong an rak sawm hna le an rak itel ve. An mah nih ngengpi 5 an rak iken i an rak ei ti hna. Lente an icelh; raltuk cawnnak lente an rak icelh. Cuticun nuam taktak in an rak hmang.

July 30, 1623 ah, Governor Bradford nih, Thanksgiving Day cu thlacamnak le nuamhnak ni ca hrimhrim ah, a dang tein a rak tuah pi than hna. Cucu Thanksgiving Day taktak aa thawkni cu a si. Cuticun Plymouth ah kum fatin tein Thanksgiving Day cu an rak tuah. Hi Plymouth khua hin, Governor Bradford hruainak in 1620 ah Plymouth Colony zong cu an rak dirh. Asinain, thil mumal ngei tein a kal khawh lo caah, kum fatin tein Thanksgiving Day a ni le caan caah, phunglam an rak sermi pakhat hmanh a rak um rih lo. Tuah sawh in kum fatin an rak tuah.

Cuticun Thanksgiving tuah cu Plymouth in New England ah a rak karh. America Ramchung Kahnak (Revolutionary War)  lio ah, harnak chung in khamh an si caah le teinak an rak hmuh caah lunglawmh chimnak ni ni 8 bakte an rak tuah.

                           Plymouth Lungtum (1620)

(Hi plymouth rock hi Governor William Bradford le Mayflower tilawng in a rami biaknaklei mipem pawl, tlang i an tilawng a rak i dinhnak hmun a si. Kum fatin minung 1,000,000 kuakap nih an zohmi lung asi)

1620 ah London in mipem cheukhat le Holland ram in biaknak mibu pakhat a zammi hna an zate 102 a rak phurtu Mayflower sangphawlawng lem an siammi a si

 Biaknak Mipem pawl philhlonak pangpar dum

Chanthar Thanksgiving Day

1789 ah Pre. George Washington nih ram pumpi ah thawngthanhnak a rak tuah i, November 26 ni cu "miphun thanksgiving ni asi lai" tiah a rak ti. Cu kum thiamthiam ah, Protestant Episcopal Krihfabu nih November a voikhatnak Nilini (Thursday) cu lunglawmh chimnak ni asi lai an rak ti ve.

Cuticun kum tampi cu USA ram pumpi nih, ani hman tein ulh amhmi Thanksgiving Day hi a rak um kho lo. Ramkulh cheukhat te lawng nih kum fatin tein hman tein ulhmi Thanksgiving Day an rak ngei. 1830 in New York ramkulh cu kum fatin ni hman tein ulhmi Thanksgiving Day an rak ngei i, Chaklei ramkulh hna zong nih an rak cawn ve cio hna. 1855 kum ah, Virginia ramkulh zong nih Thanksgiving cu an van tuah ve i,  Thlanglei ramkulh vialte lak ah, thanksgiving tuah phung azul hmasat cemmi ramkulh a si.

Godey's Lady Book timi cauk editor, Sarah Josephah Hale cu USA ram pumpi hrawmmi Thanksgiving Day tuah ding hi, kum tampi a rak i zuam. Amah zuamnak thawng in, Thanksgiving Day tong USA ram pumpi nih ni ni khat te ah hman hram an rak thawk. Cucaah Abraham Lincoln nih 1863 ah, November a donghnak zarh Nilini cu ram pumpi caah, "Thluachuah akan petu Pa thangthat ni le lawmhnak chimni siseh" tiah biakhiahnak a rak tuah. Cuticun kum 75 chung kum chiar tein, President nih November thla a donghnak zarh Nilini cu Thanksgiving Day caah hman asi lai tiah, kum chiar tein thawng a zamh tawn.

Asinain 1939 ah, Pre. Franklin D. Roosevelt nih, zarh khat tuan deuh ah a rak thawn. A ruang cu, business a kainak hnga ding caah Christmas hlan ah thilri cawk caan hi sau deuh seh tiah a rak duh caah a si. 1941 ah, Congress nih November zarh linak Nilini paoh hi azungzal Thanksgiving Day le cozah zungkhar ni a si lai, tiah an rak fehter. Cucaah Thanksgiving Day cu nihin ni tiang November zarh linak Nilini ah ulh a si.

Thanksgiving Zanriah
America ram ah zanriah thaw bik le meh tambik zanriah cu Thanksgiving Dinner asi. Christmas le Kum Thar nak in an uar deuh. Cu zanriah ahcun, zeidang meh a tlin lengluang ko zongah Turkey va sa aa tel lo ahcun atlam a tling kho lo. Laimi caah Christmas ni ah chang aa tel lo ahcun asi khawh lo bantuk in, Thanksgiving Day nih ah Turkey sa aa tel lo ahcun a tlam a tling kho lo. Cucaah Thanksgiving Day lai paoh ah, US President nih Turkey va hi a nung in thlahnak a tuah tawn. 


Pre. Obama nih Turkey va thlah a timh lio

    
      Thanksgiving Day dinner symbol Turkey va


         Thanksgiving Day Zanriah tirawl


Thanksgiving Day Parade i turkey va mui sermi

   Thanksgiving Day Parade hmanthlak pakhat

Canda Thanksgiving Day

Canada ram Thanksgiving Day cu USA tuahning he aa lo ko. Hlan ahcun October a donghnak zarh Nikhatni ah an rak tuah tawn. 1975 in Canada cozah nih October a zarh hnihnak Nikhatni ah siseh an rak ti caah, nihin ni tiang cu nih ahcun Thanksgiving an tuah.

Reference

1. "Thanksgiving Day", World Book, 2000.

2. "Thanksgiving Day," The World Book Encyclopedia, 1970.