Anthur Thlaikung (Roselle Plant)

Anthur Thlaikung

Lai holh in anthur tiah kan timi hi, Mirang nih cun "roselle" an ti. Kawl nih "chin-baung" an ti. Aphun hi "Hibicus" a si. Achungkhar (family) asinak min cu, "Malvaceae" ti asi. Anthur thlaikung tiah ka ti duhnak cu, "roselle plant" tiah Mirang nih an timi khi ka chim duhnak asi. Anthur thlaikung ti tikah, a kung lawng khi chim duhmi siloin a hnah, a kung, a nge, a hram le apar tiang in aa tel dih.

Anthur Phunphun

Anthur hi phun tam ngai a um. Anthur phunkhat le phunkhat cawhmeh i, phundang deuh tein serchuahmi anthur zong an um ve. Anthur hi pakhat le khat an thawtnak, muisam le umtuning cu an i lo nain, an rawng le a kung niamsan le a hnah kauh ning an i dang ngai hna. A kung niamsan ning zong an i dang ngai. Abuaktlak in anthur hi pe 3-8 tiang an sang kho. Lairam i thurzam timi cu pe 12 leng a sau kho. Ahnah hi lehmah 3-6 kar an sau. Apar a par tikah lehmah 1-3 karlak an kau kho. Anthur phun hi a tam ngai le Laitlang ahcun "thursen, thurzam, thurhring le thurzam" tiin an sining hawih in auh an si. Thursen hi a thur cemmi le mipi nih duh cemmi a si.

Atanglei hi anthur aphunphun hmanthlak an si.

    
Thursen                                      Anthur sen phundang pakhat

  
Thurzam phunkhat                               Anthur phunkhat a par lio

    
Thurhring a no lio caan
     
   Thurhring a no lio caan                            Thurzam par


Anthur Thlaikung Thawhkehnak

Anthur thlaikung (Roselle plant) hi khawika ram sette in dah aa thawk ti cu theihfian a si lo. Tuanbia thiammi tampi nih cun, Africaram chaklei Egypt ram in aa thawkmi thlaikung pakhat asi tiah an ti. Acheu nihcun anthur thlaikung (plant) hi India in Malaysia ram karlak ram hna ah hin, an rak cinhmasatmi thlaikung (plant) pakhat asi tiah an ti. Cuka hmunhma in chawlet pawl nih, Africa ram ah an rak luhpi. Africa in America ah an rak zuarmi sal pawl nih, anthur thlaici cu Thlanglei le Chaklei America tiang an rak i kalpi i, cuticun anthur thlaikung cu hmunkip a phanhnak asi tiah an ti.

Thingkung kong cawngmi le thiammi, M. de L'Obel nih, anthur kong a rak hlathlainak kongkau hi 1576 ah ca in a rak tial cang. 1687 ah anthur hnah eidin khawh a rak sinak hi, Java ram ah an rak tial cang. Kum zabu 17 nak ah Brazil ah le 1707 ah Jamaica ah an rak cin cang. 1840 hlan ah hin, Guatemala ram ah dinhhang caah an rak cin cang. J.N. Rose nih "1899 ah Mexico ram Guadalajara Market ah, beng khatkhat in anthur an rak zuarmi ka hmuh" tiah ca a tial. 1892 ah Queensland (Australia) ah anthur sersiamnak sehzung pahnih a rak um cang i, anthur akhammi an rak ser i, Europe tiang an rak zuar cang ti a si.


Zuar ding in tom ciami anthur

Sii Ca Hmannak
Anthur hi ram kip, Mexico, Africa, India in Thailand tiang an mah le thiam ning cio in sii caah an hman. Anthur ah thikai a tumter khotu dat (antihypertensive) a um tiah an ruah. Thi a tumter ko timi langhternak taktak cu an tuah kho rih lo. Zunlei zawtnak (unitary infection) caah an hman. Zun tam tuk (diuretic) thlawpnak, ek nem sii (laxative), cancer, lung lei damlonak phunkip, thahri thatlo phunkip thlawpnak caah an hman. Laimi hi cancer zawtnak a ngeimi an tlawm ngaingai. Hihi a ruang pakhat cu, khuhlu thei le anthur kan eidin tuk caah asi lai tiah ka ruat theu tawn.

Anthur ah hin Vitamin-C tampi aum ti asi caah, Vita-C cu taksa thawntertu le zawtnak dohtu vitamin phunkhat a si. Cu nihcun Laimi damnak tampi a rak kan pek ko rua tiah ka ruat.

Nichuahlei Africa ram ahcun, anthur sen in sermi, "Sudan lakphak" cu khuh sii ah an hman. Anthur haang (juice) cu cite le hmathak tlawmte cawhmi cu "biliousness" timi, thin le hnit nincanlo ruangah a chuakmi pawpi nuamhlonak, te pawl thlawpnak ah an hman.

Anthur hnah mei emmi alinmi cu, Durhtawt (boils), hmachia (ulcers) le kepha kakmi rang deuh in a dam khawhnak hnga caah an hman. Ahnah in an sermi takthuh (lotion) hi hma le titsa hnaikhuarmi thlawpnak ah an hman. Anthur mu in sermi thauhang (oil) cu kalauk kepha hmami damternak ah an hman. India ram ahcun, anthur cu rawlrialnak a dermi (dyspepsia/indigestion), zun fah (dysuria) le zunsip-ei (strangury) damternak caah an hman. Anthur i a ummi dat cheukhat nih thin zawtnak, cancer, zunthlum le adang thi he aa pehtlaimi zawtnak tampi damnak dat a um tiah an ti. E.Coli zawtnak a doh khotu dat zong aum ti asi.


Anthur in sermi eidin pawl


Anthur ah aa telmi dat hna hi atanglei bantuk in a si.

Anthur, Ahringmi
Gram 100 g (3.5 oz) ah Aa Telmi Dat
Energy	205 kJ (49 kcal)
Carbohydrates	11.31 g
Fat	0.64 g
Protein	0.96 g
Vitamin A equiv.	14 μg (2%)
Thiamine (vit. B1)	0.011 mg (1%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2)	0.028 mg (2%)
Niacin (vit. B3)	0.31 mg (2%)
Vitamin C	12 mg (14%)
Calcium	215 mg (22%)
Iron	1.48 mg (11%)
Magnesium	51 mg (14%)
Phosphorus	37 mg (5%)
Potassium	208 mg (4%)
Sodium	6 mg (0%)
Link to USDA Database entry Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Vitamin a thami anthur hang

Hmannak Dangdang

Anthur hawng hi hri aphunphun caah an hman. Anthur sen hi America le Europe ram ah eidin color tamhnak caah tambik an zuar.  Germany ram hi anthur sen tambik a cawmi ram a si. France ram ahcun, ramdang mipem Senegal miphun le adangdang nih anthur tampi an zuar i dawr ah hmuh ding tampi a um. Meh caah tambik an zuar.

India ram ahcun, "Gongura" tiah an ti i, Daal meh he aphunphun in an cawh i an chumh. Ahnah an kio i, hmathak he an cawhmi meh, Gongura Pacchadi timi Andhra miphun meh cu, Andhra miphun meh ah minthang bik asi. Kawlram zongah Chin-baung kyaw (anthur kio) cu a minthang taktakmi meh a si ve. Anthur hi Kawlram miphun hna zong nih, dinhhang, mehkio le zeidang meh phunkip ah kan hman ve. Laimi caahcun anthur cu kan miphun anhringso a si.


        Chin-baung Kyaw


Gongura Pachadi India meh minthang

Nigeria le adang Africa ram tampi ahcun, ramdang uknak chan lio in, innchungkhar meh ca lawng silo in puai le nipini zongah biapi taktak in an zuarmi meh a si. Kawlram, Africa le Trinidad timi ram hna ah hin, anthur in jam (ahang-khalmi) aphunphun an ser. Australia ram Queensland ahcun, anthur in sermi jam (ahang-khaltermi) pawl hi, khuachung puai kip ah biapi taktak in an zuar tawnmi a si.


      Anthur juice 

Anthur haang khammi

   Anthur juice

An Cinnak Ram

Tuluk le Thailand hi anthur tambik a cingmi le chuahmi ram an si. Thailand chuahmi hi asining (quality) a tha bik khun i, Tuluk tu hi cu tlawmte asining a niam deuh. Vawleicung anthur thabik cu Sudan in a chuak nain, an chuahmi a tlawm deuh caah min an ngei tuk lo. A dang tambik cinnak ram hna cu, Mexico, Egypt, Senegal, Tanzania, Mali and Jamaica an si. India ram abik in Ganges Nelrawnpi ah hi, anthur cu hri caah tampi an cin. Cuka ahcun amin ah "mesta" tiah an auh. Ahthur hri chuahnak sehzung zong tampi a um. 

Malaysia ah anthur hi 1990 kum kuakap lawng in biatak tein an cin. 1993 ah Agriculture Department nih acre 12.8 an rak cin i, cucu anthur cin biatak te an thawknak a si. Tambik cu Terengganu timi ram ah an cin. 2000 ahcun acre 1,000 tluk an cin ve. Senegal ram hi anthur tambik a chuahnak ram pakhat a si. Kum khat ton 700 tluk a chuak ti asi.

Tlangpang ah an cinmi thursen

 Hmun rawn ah an cinmi thursen

Senegal ram anthur thursen an cinnak hmun

    Anthur lo i riantuan lio

Lairam le Anthur Sipuazi

Lairam zong ah hlan pipu chan in anthur an rak cin cang. Pipu hna nih Lairam an rak phanh ka tein rak cing cang hna sehlaw a dawh. Zeicatiah Kala le Kawl miphun hna nih, Laimi pipu hna nih Lairam an rak luh hlan in anthur an rak cin cang i, kan pipu hna zong nih, Laitlang an rak kai lio ah, a ci an rak i ken ve hrimhrim ko lai ti hi a fiang.

Lairam khuacaan, tiram le leilung hna hi anthur phunkip nih an i ngaih. Lairam ah anthur a tha kho ngaingai. Cucaah motor lam an tha chin deuh lengmang lai i, anthur hi sipuazi ca in cin ah a tha ding asi. Athei cu haang (juice) ah ser khawh an si. Athei le hnah hring cu Kawlram ah zuar khawh a si. Acar in Mizoram, Kawlram le ramdang tiang zuar khawh an si. Akung cu hri phunphun caah hman khawh a si. Cucaah mah chungkhar ca te lawng cing ti lo in, lo kaukau tuah i, anthur sipuazi hi tuah ah mi tampi caah cawmnak a tlak te dingmi sipuazi pakhat asi.

Anthur theisen

Anthur theisen in an sermi


A car in zuar khawh a si


Hnah hring in zuar khawh a si

Cin tikah artlang tein cin ding a si



Biafunnak:
Laimi hi kan eidin a chia; kan rian a hrang; kan thadir ning le temtuar ning chim awsk atha lo. Asinain hi tluk in Laimi kan ngan a dammi, cancer, thikai, lungzawtnak le zunthlum te hna a rak tlawm tukmi hi, anthur kan ei tuak ruang zongah a ruang pakhat asi kho mi a si. Zeicatiah anthur ah zawtnak a dohkhotu dat tampi aum caah a si. Cucaah ngandam a duhmi poah nih, anthur tam deuhdeuh in ei ding asi.

(Ref: Images from Google.com)

Haiyan Typhoon

Haiyan Typhoon?

Haiyan typhoon cu Philippines ahcun "Typhoon Yolanda" tiah min an sak. November 7 ah Guiuan, Nichuahlei Samar, Philippines ram ah tlang a phanh ah hin a cah lio cem caan a si. November ni 8 ah Philippines ram chung taktak ah a rak phan. Haiyan typhoon hi, Federated States of Micronesia ram nichuah thlanglei in aa sem. Thli a fak chin lengmang i, Philippines ram a phak tik ahcun, suimilam pakhat ah 315 km/h (195 m/h) in a hrang. Thli nih rili tilet a thawhtermi hi pe 45 a sang.

Haiyan typhoon nih, Philippines ram ah atanglei bantuk in rawhralnak le thihlohnak a chuahpi:

*Mithilo: Minung 1,796 ruak an char cang; 10,000 tluk an thi lai tiah an ruah. Khua tampi a hrawh i, a cheu khua cu a ning bak in an i rawk dih.

* Arawkmi: million 10.6 a tlawmbik ah a rawk lai tiah an tuak chung

*Rawhnak Fakbik Khua Hna:

-Guiuan, Sama Province, minung 40,000 umnak aa rawk dih

-Tacloban, Leyte Province cu innlo le thinking vialte an bawk dih. Miruak aa pawng

-Cebu Province khua hna i, 80-90% cu aa rawk dih

-Baco khua, Oriental Mindora (mi 35,000 umnak) cu 80% tii nih a phum (UN report)

Haiyan typhoon hi, vawleicung hrangmi typhoon vialte lakah a fak bik mi thlipi asi tiah an ti. Thlipi hrangmi a kauh hi, 600 km a kau. Hi thli hi Vietnam le Tuluk ram ah a va lan. Vietnam a phak ah hin a cak tuk rih i, thli thazaang hi 115m/h (suimilam pakhat ah meng 115) in a hrang; Tuluk ram a phak tik zongah a cah tuk caah mithihnak a chuak rih. Vietnam ah minung 14 an thi, 4 an tlau i 81 hma an pu. Minung 600,000 tluk himnak hmun ah an zamter hna. Taiwan ram ahcun, rilipi tii nih minung 18 a lak hna; an khamh dih hna nain 8 an thi. Tuluk ram ah tiilawng pakhat a hrawh I, minung 6 an tlau; Hong Kong ah 1 a thi.

Typhoon dangdang minung tambik a thihtertmi hna cu:

-Kong Kong typhoon   (Sept, 1937)-11,000 an thi

-Vera Typhoon              (Sept, 1959)-Japan ah 5,238 an

-Typhoon Nina              (Aug 1975)-Banqiao tikhamnak aa sat i mi 229,000 an thi

-Typhoon Thelma         (Nov, 1991)-Philippines ah mi 5,000-8,000 an thi

Hmailei?

Global warming ruangah typhoon, hurricane le cyclones hna hi an fak chin lengmang i, rawhralnak an chuahpimi zong a tam chin lengmang ti a si.

Khuhlu Thei

                                                

Khuhlu hi Kawl nih "zi:bju thi" an ti. Mirang nih "eastern gooseberry; emblica officianalis ti'n an auh. Amah hi phyllanthaceae timi thei chungkhar ah mifimmi nih an chiah.

     Khuhlu pangtha cu hitin an tlai kho

Miphun Thei

Khuhlu hi, a thaw ngaingaimi thei pakhat a si. Lairam ah tampi a keuh caah, Laimi zapizaran nih fawi tein tambik hmuh le ei khawhmi thei sunglawi asi caah Chin Miphun Thei (Chin National Fruit) ah ka chiahmi a si. Hmunkip ka kip ah fawi tein hmuh khawh ding a um. Kawlram chungah Shan ram, Karen ram hmun tampi ka phan. Manipur le Mizoram zong ka phan i, Laitlang tluk in khuhlu a tammmi ram ka hmu rih lo. 

Lairam ah hi thei hi a tam ngaingai caah kan van a tha. Hi thei kan ngeihmi hi, Lairam Pathian nih thlua a chuahnak pakhat a si. Cucu hmailei ah kan fiang te lai. Hi thei hi Hindus pawl zong nih an sunhsak tuk. Thingkung thianghlim (sacred tree) ah an chiah i, an pathian Vishnu hi hi thingkung ah a um tiah an zumh phah.

Khuhlu hi a hnah a saumi phun a si

Akung, hnah le thei

Khuhlu hi a vawlei, hmunhma zulh in a kung a sanning aa dang cio. A buaktlak in thei a tlai cangmi kung cu, pe 12 in pe 45 tiang tluk an sang kho. A nge in a hnah ngiang tete an chuak i, cu a hnah ngiang tete ah hnah fatete tampi an te than i, ahnah a dip ngaingai. A cheu langno hna cu an hnah hi pe khat nawn a saumi tampi a um. 

      Pe 40 leng a sang kho

Vawlei chiatnak ahcun a hnah an tawi lawng silo in, a kung an hme, an niam i, a thei zong a hme deuh. A hah zong an hak deuh. Akhat zong a kha deuh.

Khuhlu hi a tam deuh cu a kihnak ah a tam deuh an keu. A kihtuknak zong ah a tam tuk lo. Nilinhnak tualram kan timi ahcun khuhlu a tlawm pin ah an tlai a tha tuk lo.

Khuhlua hi a tlai duh taktakmi thei a si. A thei hi a pum i, a multlawr le a naal. A cheu hmunhma ahcun a kung le nge nih tuarh lo tiang in a tlai kho. A hmunhma le khuacaan zulh in a thei a thawt ning aa dang. A thei hi a thurmi phun a si. A cheu cu a thur deuh; a cheu a kha deuh, a phak deuh le a thlum deuh ti in an um ve hna. Acheu cu a hak i, acheu cu an hnip. A cheu cu zawtnak nih a tlak i, a pang a tha lomi zong an um ve.

           Khuhlu langno

Hmannak

Lairam ahcun cun sipuazi ca in kan hmang kho rih lo. A hring in ei, phawmh le a hang din hi kan hman cemmi a si. A cheu cu an car i, a kum in ei khawh a si. Adawng no hi haa thiannak le haa fehtertu asi tiah an zumh. India ram ahcun lutawlnak le sam dinternak caah a theihang hi an hman. Dur chung ah cite, hmathak le zeidang supsap he an cawh i, pickcle timi mehthaw taktak ah an ser.

Khuhlu in Vitamin-C zong an ser. Adip (powder) ah an ser i, sii caah le dinding hang caah an hman. 

Himalaya Amla (Vitamin C mum)

Khuhlu dip sii caah an hmanmi

          Khuhlu hang (juice)

       

Sii Lei Hlathlainak (Medical Research)

Khuhlu hi zawtnak damhnak le damnak caah bawmtu asi theu lai tiah an ruah. Tuaktantu pawl nih khuhlu nih hin, antioxidant timi zawtnak dohtu dat tam ngai a ngei tiah ruahchannak um ngai in an chim.

India ram i, khuhlu phun hi ngandamnak sii caah a tha hnga maw tiah hniksaknak an tuah cang. Khuhlu chung ah, "in vitro antiviral" timi "virus rungrul" doh khawhnak le "antimicrobial" timi "rungrul fate thah khawhnak" asiloah "thang kho lo in tuahnak" dat a um ti asi. Ruh phin (rheumatoid arthristis) le ruh nenno ruangah ruh kuaiman zawtnak (osteoporosis) te hna damh khawhnak a um men lai tiah an zumh. Cancer cheukhat cu khuahlu nih nih a doh khawh pah tiah an hniksaknak ah an hmuh. Zu cungah hniksaknak an tuah tikah, khuhlu nih rawlrialtu (pancreatis) aphingmi zawtnak (acute pancreatitis) hi a zawrter ti a si. Cu rawlrialtu cu zawtnak a ton hnu le rawhnak a ton hnu ah, a damnak ding le a remhtu ca zong ah khuhlu hi a tha ngai ti a si. 

A tlai a thami khuhlu

Khuhlu hnah, a hawng le a thei hna nih hin, zunthlum, upatlei kal zawtnak (age related renal disease) le taksachung phin phunphai (inflamation) hna hi dohnak thazaang a ngei tiah an ti. Naite hniksaknak an tuahmi ah thi thlum (blood glucose) tampi a tumter khawh caah zunthlum caah damnak sii pakhat asi te lai tiah an ruah. Minung thisen chung  thau dat (cholestrol) a tam tukmi zong a tumter khawh ti asi. Thin lei damlonak (enzymealananine transaminase activity) ca zong ah bawmtu sii pakhat a si ti asi.

     A thei he a hnah he sii ah an hman

Khuhlu thei ah hin, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) tampi (445mg/100g) aa tel ti asi. Cun khuhlu chungah hin "ellagitannins" timi zawtnak doh khotu "antioxidant dat"  tampi aa tel caah zawtnak dohnak lei ah a cak ngaingaimi dat a um ti asi. Hi dat chungah hin "emblicannin A (37%); emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%), le pedunculagin (14%) aa tel. Cun punifafolin le phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin le adang polyphenols (flavonoids, kaempferol, ellagic acid le gallic acid) hna an i tel. Hi hna hi zawtnak dohtu dat pawl an si.



Khuhlu in sermi Vitamin-C

India miphun ngandamnak cauk "Ayurveda" timi ah, khuhlu thei (emblica officanalis) cu, a thei, amu, ahnah, ahram, ahawng le apar tiang in, zunthlum thlawpnak, chungthlet zawtnak (chronic diarrhea), titsa phin damnak (anti-inflammatory) taksa phingmi thlawpnak (anti-tumor), fahtheihlonak (analgesic) le zawtnak dohtu dat (antioxidant) caah an hman.


Khuhlu in sermi lu tawlnak le sam thuh

Khuhlu thei phun khat a simi, Indian gooseberry (Amla) timi hi, Thai miphun nih zawt thlawpnak ah an hman ve. Tar a hartertu asi an ti. Cumpi, taklinh, chungfer, thinphin, thin zawtnak dangdang, pawfah phunphai, taksa rawkmi remhnak (restorative), pawpi phin/hmami (alterativeprevent peptic ulcer), rawl ei khawhka chung nuamh lo (dyspepsia) le rawl rial bawmtu (digestive) caah an hman. Hi khuhlu thei in juice le gooseberry chiti zong an ser. Cahang, lu tawlnak (shampoo) le luthuh zongah an sernak. India khuhlu (Amla) in an sermi shampoo le luthuh thauhang hna cu sam fehtertu, thattertu le par har tertu asi tiah an ruah.

  Ahnah le thei aa zat ngacha in a tlai kho

Laimi zong kan riantuan ning a hrang, kan eidin a chia, kan tiram le khuacaan ruangah zawtfah a tam ngai nain, Laimi hi zeicadah kan ngan a damtuk hnga? Cancer, thikai, zunthlum, lungzawtnak (heart disease phunphun), kal zawtnak le thin cancer phun phai te hna hi, miphun dang he epchun ahcun, Laimi lakah a rak tlawm tuk. Hihi a ruang zeidah a si hnga ti khi ka ruat tawn. Ka ruah tawnmi cu, khuhlu le thei dangdang kan ei tuk caah asi lai tiah ka zumh.

Hi bantuk in research an tuahnak ca rel tik ahcun, Lairam ah khuhlu a rak tam tukmi zong Pathian nih kan miphun caah a kan ser piakmi thil pakhat asi  ko. Khuhlu hi sii ca zongah biatak tein hmailei ahcun hman khawh a si te theu lai tiah zumhnak a um. A pum in kan ei sawhsawhmi zong minung ngandamnak caah tampi san a tlai ding asi.

 Sipuazi Caah

India le ram cheukhat ahcun khuhlu hi meh (pickle) aphunphun le juice caah an hman. Sipuazi caah an cin. Minung tampi caah rumnak le sipuazi tha a si. Lairam zong hi, minung kan tam deuh lai, fimnak a thangcho deuh lai, lamsul a that e lai i, khi tik ahcun khuhlu hi sipuazi caah kan cin ve te lai. Nihin ni ahcun a thatnak kan theih lo caah a hman zia zong kan thiam rih lo. Hmailei ahcun eidin le hang (juice) phunphun ah kan siam khawh te lai.

Dur chungah a ci an erhmi khuhlu kei

   Hmunkhat ah tampi in sipuazi caah an cin

                    Market ah a hring in an zuar

           Lairam zong ah hitin cin ve a herh

Humhimnak

Lairam kan van a tha. Cin hau lo in khuhlu tamtuk kan ram ah a keu. Hi tluk in a sunglawimi thei kan ram ah amah kokek tein a keumi hi, humhim a herh. Tha tein kan humhim khawh le karhter khawh ahcun, hmailei ah kan miphun caah pawcawmnak le thanchonak a kan pe khotu ding thei a sit e lai. Cucaah hitin khuhlu in kan zohkhenh le humhim a herh:

(1) Khuhlu kung hau le thah lo ding

(2) Lawh tikah a khiah in khiah lo le a nge thlangh lo ding

(3) Mei a huat ngai caah mei in khangh lo ding

(4) A thar in a keumi hna thatein zuah le puitling lak in thanter ding

(5) Pumpak nih lo bantuk in cin i sipuazi caah hmannak a lam kawl ding

Tisor Minthang Bik 12

Vawleicung ah tisor dawhdawh tampi an um. Hi tisor cheukhat cu vawleicung Kokek Thil Khuruahhar (Natural wonders of the world) ah aa telmi an si. Mi tambik nih theih le lenmi alarbikmi tisor ka van tar hna.

1. Niagara Falls (Canada & US Ramri)
Pe 167 (51 m) a sang. Minute1 ah tii million 6 cubic feet a tla. Tisor lian taktak a si nain, Victoria tisor nak in ti tlami a tlawm deuh. Canada le US ramkar ah a um caah vawleicungmi tambik nih zoh le lenmi tisor a si. September 2012 ah catialtu zong ka phan ve. Tiilawng kan i cit i tisor chuncha akeuhnak pawng tiang kan kal kho. Tih zong anung. Khuaruahhar tisor asi. Tisor umnak Baffalo khua ah, Laimi 200 fai an um.



2. Angel Falls, Vanezuela (Canaima National Park)
Hi tisor hi Gauja Tiva cungah a um asi. Cu tivapi cu Churun Tivapi ah a va fawn.
Vawleicung ah asang bikmi tisor asi. Tiros umnak hi rili in pe 4,209 a sannak ah a um. Tisor a sannak bik hi, pe 3, 212 a si. 1912 ah Venezuela ramthar kawltu Ernesto Sanchez La Cruz nih a rak hmuh hmasat nain, a kong a rak chim lo. American vanlawng mawng Jimmie Angel nih November 16, 1933 ah vanlawng cungin a rak hmuh. Cucaah amah min chuankhan in Angel Falls tiah an tinak a si. Cuticun hi tisor cu, 1937 ah vawleicung pumpi ah theihter hmasat a si. Amah Jimmie Angel a thih i, a ruak an khanghmi meidap hi, July 2, 1960 ah hi tisor cungah an rak theh. UNESCO World Heritage hmunhma pakhat a si.






3. Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe and Zambia, Africa)
Vawleicung ah ti tambik a luangmi tisor a si. Fur caan ahcun minute 1 ah 19 million cubic feet aluang. Pe 108 meter a sang. 1.7 Km a kau. Tisor tlami khu hi meng 25 ahlatnak in hmuh khawh a si tawn ti a si.




4. Kaieteur Falls (Guyana, South America)
Pe 741 asang; pe 370 a kau. Hmun bite chungah ti tambik hmunkhatte ah a tlami tisor a si. Atuanbia phundang ngai a si. Hi tisor hi Guyana ram Patanoma miphun ramuk bawi "Kai" timi pa nih, an ram a rak dohtu miphun sual pawl kut in an rak luatnak hnga ding caah, Makonaima timi a liannganmi thlarau lungtonnak ding caah, vokkuanglawng fate in hika tisor ah a rak zuang i, amah pum lila rai a rak i thawi. An miphun holh hi, "Teur" ticu tisor (Falls) tinak asi. Cucaah "Kaieteur" tiah an holh in an ti.



5. Gocta Falls (Peru)
Peru ram miphun Chachapoya hna nih, hi tisor hi 2005 tiang an thuh. Vawleicungmi nih tisor a um an rak thei lo. 2005 ah Peru ramthar kawltu Stefan Ziemendorff le a hawi le nih hi tisor hi an hmuh i, an tah tikah pe 2,531 a sang.  Tisor min ah Gocta Falls tiah an bung. Gocta cu hi tisor pawng ah, AD 800-1400 karah tiang minung an rak umnak khua asi. Chachapoya miphun hna nih, "hi tisor kong hi midang chimh ahcun, hi tisor chungah a ummi sam-sennu (blond nu) timi te nih chiar a serh hna lai tiah an zumh caah, an rak phuan ngam lonak asi" ti asi.



6. Yosmite Falls (Yosemite National Park, USA)
Pe 2,390 a sang. Yosemite timi Indian miphun min chuan in sakmi tisor asi. Yosemite timi sullam cu "Mi that pawl" ti asi. Hi Yosemite miphun hi hlan lioah mi thah lainawn an hman tawn caah an pawngkam miphun hna nih an tih tuk hna i, cuticun min an saknak hna asi.




7. Sutherland Falls (New Zealand)
Pe 1,904 asangmi a si. Lake Wakatipu tibual lam a kawlnak ah, Donald Sutherland timi pa nih a va hmuh caah amah min chuankhan in an auhmi asi. Tisor dawh ngaingai a si.




8. Iguazu Falls (Argentina and Brazil, South Africa)
Tisor aa thawknak hi Km 2.7 a kau. Tisor 275 a um. Pe 269 a sang. Iguazu timi cu, Guarani asiloah Tupi miphun holh asi i, asullam cu "aliannganmi tii" tinak asi. Tuanbia ah hitin an chim: "patian nih hi tisor pawng aummi ngaknu te hi thit a rak duh; ngaknu te nih a rak duh lo i, amah a duhmi atlangval pa he vawkkuanglawng fate (canoe) in hi tivapi ah an zam; pathian kha a thin a hung i, tiva kha a cik le tisor a ser i, cu aa duhmi ngaknu tlangval cu, a zungzal tisor si ding in dan a tat hna" tiah an ti.



9. Ouzoud Falls (Morocco, Africa)
Ni linhnak ramah a ummi tisor asi. Pe 330 (110 m) a sang. Africa ah min a thangmi tisor a si. Dawt thum in a um. Wadi-Abid timi tivapi cungah a um. Acung sannak bik in a tangbik tiang ahcun meter 600 asang. An miphun holh in, Ouzoud timi cu, "Fang rialnak" (act of grinding grain) ti asi. A sining aa tlak ngai. Hi tisor pawng ah hin, tii thazaang in eidin rialnak seh tampi aum. A umnak hi hmunhma nuam asi. Apawng ah nelrawn hringtete, thingkawp phunkip le El Abid Tivapi kuar minthang ngaingai a um.






10. Kunchikal Falls (India)
India ram ah asangbikmi tisor asi. Vahari Tivapi cungah aum i, pe 1,493 (455 m) a sang. Movie thlaknak zong ah tampi a cuangmi asi. India ram ah tourist tambik an kalnak hmunhma pakhat asi.

 

11. Mount Roraima (Venezuela, Brazil le Guyana ramri)
Hihi tisor hna hi, a dawh ngaingaimi le a sang ngaingaimi an si. South America ram, Pararama tlangthluan peh ah aummi a si. Ram pathum ramri ah aum. Vanezuela ram ah area kau bik aum. Riri pe 9,219 a sangmi a si. A sannak bik hmun zawn cu Vanezuela ram ah a um. "Tepeui tlangcung rawn" an tinak hmun ah  aum. Amah tlangpi hi a hram in, ding te tah ah pe 7,671 a sang. Ding tein a chennak zawn hi cu, pe 1,300 a sang. Acung rawnpi hi 31 Km square a kau. 1596 ah Sir. Walter Raleigh nih a kong a rak tial hmasat bik. Hi tlangchengpi ah hin, Harry Inniss Perkins le Everard F. im Tuurn timi pa khi an rak tum hmasat. Hi vawlei hi vawleicung vawlei ah a tar bik pawl asi i, kum 2 billion (2,000,000) a tarmi vawlei a si. "Sherlock Homes" tuanbia tialtu Mirang catial thiam Sir. Arthur Conan Doyle nih hi tlang chuankhan in, "The Lost World" timi tuanbia cauk a tial.


12. Thluak hniksaknak caah tuahmi tisor kong a si. Vawleicung tisor minthang ah aa tel lem lo. Hi tisor hi dawt 7 a um; a dawt cu an sang tuk lem lo. A san hi Pe 300 tluk a sang. A umnak ram i tisor minthang bik a si. Tiva in a chaklei ah tiva pahnih an i tong. Tiva pakhat i aa semnak ah tlang tibual dawh taktak a um. Tibual cu Km 22 asau, 10 Km tluk a kau. Cu tibual cu a umnak ram ah, tourist tambik nih zohmi tlang tibual a si. Hi tisor pawng ah hin, an ram cozah nih hydro electric power tambik an laknak hmun a si i, zehzung No.1, No.2, No.3 ti in a um. Hi tisor hi hi ram i ramkulh hmebik ah a ummi tisor a si.  Hydro electric hi kum 50 tluk an tar cang. Ram pakhat nih hi ram cu a rak tuk i, Ralpi 2 nak a dih hnu ah, ral tuk ruangah an ram thilri a hrawh piakmi hna chamnak caah a rak ser piakmi hydro electric a si. Hi ram cu cozah chia taktak nih kum 50 tluk an uk. Hi tisor umnak ram hi, vawleicung sifak bik ram pakhat ah UNO nih an chiah.

Question (1) Hi tisor umnak ram min? (2) Tisor min? (3) A umnak ram kulh min? (4) Hi hydro electric serpiaktu ram hi zei ram dah a si? Ruat hmasat. Aphi na theih lo hnu lawngah atanglei ah aphi zoh ding.


          Tisor dawt 7 ummi



Hydro electric an laknak

Hydro electric caah an khammi tidil

Aphi cu hihi a si.

(1) Kawlram
(2) Lawpita Yitakhun
(3) Kayah State
(4) Japan ram