Vawlei pumpi a lin chin lengmang i, vawlei a cunglei le tanglei i tikhal tlang lianlian hna an tit caah, rilipi tii thang ko hmanh sehlaw, tlangcung hmun tampi ahcun tii a har chin lengmang cang. Abik in tlang sannak hmunhma hna ah tii har a zual chin lengmang. Hi ti ning tein a kal ahcun hi hnu kum sawm zeimawzat chungah vawleicungmi million tampi cu, tii kong ah buainak an tong lai tiah, khuacaan kong thiammi scientist pawl nih an ti.
Zeicatiah vawleicung alin chin lengmangmi nih, vawleicung khuacaan tampi a thlen. Hlan lio bantuk in ruah hi dikcak in a sur ti lo. Hmun tampi ah tii a lianh lio ah, hmun tampi ahcun khua a hremi, cerhtii an kao dih. Ramcar a zual i meikangh a zual. Cun khua a hrem ning a zualter chin than. Cuti cun vawlei hmun tampi i, cinthlaknak vawlei hi khua a hrem ruang ah an rawk cang. Cerh tii an ko; tibual an car i, tivapi hna zong a carmi tam tuk an um cang.
USA zong hi, khua caan harnak an tong chin lengmang i, atu lio bak te ah harnak a tong cemmi cu California State asi. "The Golden State" tiah timi asi i, dawh ah min thang taktakmi ramkulh asinain atu hi ruah sur lo ruang le khuahrem ruangah rawhnak tampi an tong. USA ngelcel asi caah, an theih tuk rih lo i, ramdang zong nih kan thei tuk rih hna lo i asi. A chungmuru ahcun rawhnak tam taktak an tong. Zeitluk in dah California aa thlen timi cu atanglei tibual zoh in tuak khawh asi.
Lake Oroville, July 2011 (Ref. google.com)
Lake Oroville 2014 (Ref. Getty Image)
California ah hin, Kum (5) chung ruah tha tein a sur ti lo. USA ngelcel asi caah, minung tampi nih theih asi lo i asi. A chungmuru ahcun buainak nganpi an tong cang. California cu ramkulh dawh taktak asi i, tibual tampi nih a dawhter khun nain, cu tibual dawhdawh cu an car tuk cang hna i, khamh awk thalo in an um cang.
UC Berkeley i khuacaan lei theimi B. Lynn Ingram nih, "California nikhua carmi hi, kum 500 chung ah a car bik kum hna an si. Research tuahmi zoh tikah, California nih hin, 1580 in nihin ni tiang, hi tluk khuacaan hrem hi a um bal rih lo" ti asi.
USA ah eidin tambik a chuahtu ramkulh asinain, atu cu tii kong ah, lotuahtu pawl harsatnak tampi an tong. Khuapi chung minung tii pek an hau; electric pek an hau; khualak ram le pangpar dum tii pek an hau; lamkam ram le innpawng ram tii pek an hau.
Cucaah tii an i tha ti lo i, 2014 ah a cheu peng hna cu tii khuaitan in an phawt cang hna. Tii a siloning in hman ruangah tizacuai zong a chuak cang ti a si. Khuapi chung ummi tampi cu, kheng tawlnak le chumhchuannak taktak hmanh a ngeilomi tampi an um. Kholhnak hna cu chim hau lo in a um lo ti asi. Cu tluk cun vawleicung ram ropui bik i ramkulh ropui bik California ah tii ruang ah harnak a chuak. Ramtang saram le innzual satil zong tampi an thi. Tidil (Dam) an car caah electric lei ah tampi sunghnak an ton pin ah, cinthlakmi anhringso, eidin phunphun le theihai tam tuk aa rawk.
California Ramkulh Acarnak kong piahmi map
Tii a har caah California ahcun thlaikheu tam tuk a rawk. Anhringso, theithu, retei le zeidang thei phunphai tamtuk aa rawk. Vawleitang aalu tiang in aa rawk. Cinthlaknak caah tii tam tuk a hauh tik ah, khuachung mi le lotuahtu pawl zong a tu le tu bia elnak le tazacuainak zong a chuak. Cun Native Indian pawl nih an hualmi cerh, hmawng le ramno hna zong, vawlei tang tii an dawpmi nih a carter i, harnak tampi an tong i, tazacuainak zong a chuak len cang.
Sacramento nichuahlei ummi Folsom Dam cu a car dih cang
Lake Folsom
California State i tibual tampi cu an car thlu ngacha cang. Cinthlaknak ca ah a har lawng si lo in, nuamhnak, tidin awk le kholhtawnnak zong ah harnak tampi an tong. Hi tibual hna hi ruahtii le vur hngatchan in tii aa khongmi an si i, ruah a tlawm pinah snow tlami a tlawm tik ah, atu bantuk in khuacaan carnak hi a chuak. Cucaah ruahsur le snow tlak te hna hi, hi ram pawl caah a herhmi thil an rak si hna. Snow tam deuhdeuh a tlak paoh le ramchung sipuazi kha a kai tiah, scientist le cinthlaknak lei mifim na nih an ti. Snow tlak tikah kan i lawmh ding le thanuam ding a rak si.
Cozah dinti khawnnak tidil zong a car caah mipi tii an har
UC Davis Center for Watershed Science nih an tuaknak ah, 2014 chung lawngah California nih cinthlaknak lei i an sunghmi hi $2 billion tluk asi i, $2.2 billion tluk man hi a rawk in aa rawk ti a si. Cinthlaknak lei bak lawngah minung 17,000 rian an ban hna. 2015 hi khua a hremmi a ziat deuh lo ahcun, a zual lai tiah" Watershed Science director Jay Lund, Ph.D nih a chim.
Acheu hmun ahcun vawleitang ti tiang in an car caah, cinthlaknak a si kho ti lo. Vawlei kha an ro viar. Chungkhar cheukhat cu vawleitang tikhur cawhnak caah $20,000, $25,000 ti bantuk loan an cawi i cawh a hau. Tii chuak a tlawm deuhdeuh i, tii man a kai deuhdeuh caah, chungkhar tampi cu nifatin nunnak ah harnak an tong than hawi. Innlo up haumi tiang an tampi ti asi.
Cucaah hi tining tein khua a hrem peng ahcun, California lei cu cinthlaknak asi kho ti lai lo i, minung pawcawmning thlen a hau lai an ti. Cinthlaknak le zuatkhalh in pawcawm ding le sipuazi tuah ding hi a fawi ti lo i, lo tuahtu tampi nih an vawlei an chuahtak i, satil zuami hna nih tlawm deuh lawng an zuat cang hna ti asi.
California khua hrem ruangah satil hitin an thi
Scientist pawl tuaknak ah, US nitlaklei le nitlak thlanglei ramkulh pawl asimi California, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Utah le Nevada hrawng ah hin a ra lai atu kum zabu chung ah hin, a fak taktak mi khua hremnak a chuak lai tiah an ti. Hlan lio zongah hi ramkulh pawl ah hin, kum tampi ruahsur lo in a rak um caah, satil an thi dih i, cinthlaknak tam tuk a rawh caah khua zong tampi an rak chuahtak. Minung zong tam ngaite cuap zawtnak in an rak thi ti asi.
Colorado Tivapi i cheu 4 cheu 3 cu lo tuahtu pawl nih an hman
Colorado Ramkulh zong khua a hrem tuk caah, hlanlio ah tiva lian ngai asimi hna zong an car dih cang. Tii dor khat hmanh a luang ti lo. Nevada Ramkulh ummi, vun vawleicung tidil lian bik ah an chiahmi, "Hoover Dam" (Lake Mead) an ruahnak leng rang in tii a zor tuk caah, mifim pawl an khuaruah a har ngaingai. Cu dam bochan in a ummi lotuahtu pawl le Las Vegas khua ropui zong, buaibainak tampi an tong cang. Hoover Dam a car achun, Nevada Ramkulh sipuazi cu tam tuk aa rawk lai i, tourism biapi ah chia in a nungmi khua Las Vegas khua hi, a sipuazi aa rawk lai ti asi.
Hoover Dam (Lake Mead)
Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada, tii zormi
Lake Mead tii a zor tuk caah mifim pawl an khuaruah a har
Vawlei ram fim bik USA hmanh ah hin, cu tluk cun tii hi an bi buaipi. Cucaah Colorado Tivapi a tomi ramkulh 7 hna cu, 2007 ah hnatlaknak an ngei. Tii harnak kan ton sual ahcun, tii hi khuaitan in kan i phaw lai tiah cachoh an tuah. Zeitik dah dah zei pine nih a co lai i, zei tik ah dah zei pine hi kan phiat lai ti hi, hnatlaknak an ngei.
Colorado Tivapi cu, Sea of Cortez phanh hlan ah a car cang
A car dih deng cangmi Colorado Tivapi
USA nitlakthlanglei ramkulh asimi hna California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah le Texas nitlaklei hna hi, an rocar ngaingai i, hi ramkulh tiva tampi le cehti cu an ko cang. Tibual tampi an car cang. An car lo hmanh ah thisen bantuk ah an i chuah. Nga le thilnung an um kho ti lo. Cinthlaknak zong ah hman ngam an si ti lo. Acheu tibual cu boat cit khawh an si ti lo i, tii a thur tuk cang caah minung nih tongh ngam ding an si ti lo. America zong ah, zeitluk hmanh in fim hna sehlaw, kokek rawhralnak cu an tei kho lo. An tiva le tibual hna zong tam ngaite an car cang hna.
Cucaah hmailei techin fapar chan telefa zawn ruah ah, America nih an tuah cemmi le biapi taktak ah an chiahmi cu, kokek tiva le tibual pawl zong an mah hlan lio an sining tein chiah le remh hi rian biapi taktak ah cozah nih an chiah. Cun tibual fatete tampi tuah i, thingram hninhno ter; cerh khawn le thingkung ramkung keuhter i, achung ah rungrul, va, rul le thilnung kip umter hi, thingram lei scientist nih tambik an tuahmi asi cang.
Khua a hrem tikah, zeidang sipuazi rawhralnak tampi a chuahpi lawng siloin vawleiphit a tam i, thlichia hran tikah leiphit thlichia (dust storm) zong a chuak i, cu nih zawtnak, hnawmtam le zeidang rawhnak zong tampi a chuahter ve than hawi. Hi bantuk leiphit thlichia hi, USA ah caan sau ngai an rak tong bal cang i, khua a cheukhat cu chuahtak a rak si. Cu pinah ram meikangh zong a zual than i, rawhralnak dang tam tuk chim cawk lo a chuahpi rih.
Dust Storm, Phoenix, AZ (August 2011)
USA ah ramtang mei nih innlo tamtuk kum chiar in a kangh
Sodom & Gormorrah kangh lio bang, ngaknu nih ngaihchia ngai in a cuanh lio
Nihin ni ah America lawng silo in vawlei pumpi hi tii har an tuar chin lengmang ti asi. Abik in khuapi chung ummi hna hi tii tam tuk an herh caah, khua alianh deuh le minung an tam deuh paoh ah, tii har hi a zual chin lengmang lai ti a si. Tii ruang ah, innpa ram hna buai le raltuk tiang a chuak kho ti a si cang.
Economic Forum nih "Global Risks 2015 Report" ah, "Hi hnu kum 10 chung ah hin, vawleicung buainak vialte zoh tik ah, tii hi buainak fakbik a chuahter kho tu thil number 8 nak a si" tiah an ti. Fir le tlei nak hmanh in, buainak a chuahpi deuh ding a si ti a si.
Tii nih hin ram khat le ram khat buainak voi tampi a rak chuahpi. Cucaah innpa ram hna nih hin, tii kong ah ram khat le khat nawl thiamnak ngeih hi an rak i zuam peng. Israel le Jordan ram hna cu, ral an i tuk cuahmah zong ah, Jordan Tivapi tii hi zeitin dah kan hman tining asi lai ti hi, an i caih peng ti a si. Jordan Tivapi tii zong a zor chin lengmang caah, Jordan le Israel ca zong ah buainak tampi a chuahter lengmang. Jordan Tivapi a car achun, Israel ram cu a rawk ngacha lai tiah an ruah cang.
Israel le Jordan ram an i cuh tawnmi Jordan Tivapi a hnalei
Tii harsatnak hi, hi hnu kum tlawmpal ahcun "Developing Country" ram pawl caah sipuazi thanchonak a dawntu pakhat asi lai tiah mifim mi hna nih an ti. Tuluk Ram i Yellow River te hna an zormi hi China sipuazi fumtertu thil pakhat asi lai an ti. Yellow River hi Tuluk ram tivapi tii dihlak i 2% lawng asinain Tuluk ram minung i 12% le cintlaknak i 15% cu Yellow River tii ah aa hngatmi an si ti asi. Yellow River an hman ning hi atu 50% tluk asi i, vawlei ramkip dirhmun ahcun 40% asi i, Tuluk ram nih an hman ning hi a luan tuk cang ti asi. 2010 ah Tuluk ram minung million 32 cu tii harnak fak pi'n an tong.
Tuluk ram zong hi, nitlaklei cu thetse ramcar asi caah, tii harnak nganpi an tong lengmang. Rili in a hlat tuk caah, vawleicung ah a carnak bik hmun pakhat ah aa chuah. China ram ah tiva le tibual kamah an sakmi hna inn dawhdawh cu, tivapi le tibual an car caah um nuam lo ngaimi hmun ah an i chuah cang ti asi.
Yangtze Tivapi tengnge asimi Gan Tivapi a carmi
Yellow River hi the Great Wall kamte ah a luangmi asi
Suining, China, ah ni a linh tuk caah mipi tii ah an i ciah
India ram i Indus le India ram tiva lianlian Ganges Tiva hna hi tii an zor lawng silo in, minung nih sullam ngeilo in an hlonhmi hnawmtam ruangah tiva an i rawk i, an lo cuahmah ti asi. Hi bantuk hnawm nih tiva tii a thurter tikah tii chung saram milllion tam tuk a thihter rih hna. Tiva a rawk lawng silo in, rilipi tiang a thurhnomhter rilipi rawhnak a chuahpi. Tii hnomh ruang ah tii chung saram an thih caah, sipuazi tam tuk a tumchukter ti asi. Hi bantuk thil hna nih, an thancho hnga tluk in a thanter hna lai lo ti asi.
Holy River timi Ganges Tivapi. Hihi Holy kan ti kho hnga maw?
Ganges Tivapi hnawn hna nih tiva an lohter
India hi a ram a lian. India ram laiva hrawnghrang khi, rili he aa hlat tikah, ni a linhnak hmunhma a tam. Khua a hrem caan ahcun mipi dinti an ngeih lo ruangah harnak tam taktak an tong tawn. India ram tikhur tampi cu an car dih cang i, cozah nih thal caan ahcun tii biatak tein zorh le phawt an si. India hi tii harsatnak kum fatin tein a tongmi an si i, tii ruangah mipi tangka tam tuk an sung cang.
Gujarat, June 2003, tireu hngah lio
Asia nichuahlei ram cu tivapi lianlian kan ngeih hna caah, kan van a tha. Cambodia, Laos, Thailand le Vietnam hna zong, Vietnam Ral a rak thawh lio ah, Mekong Tivapi tii kong he pehtlai in chonhbiaknak le tonnak an rak ngei peng. Thailand, Laos le Kawlram zong Mekong Tivapi zohkhenhnak le hmannak kong ah, tonnak an ngei lengmang hna. Pakistan le India zong ral voi (2) an i tuk chung zong ah, Indus Tivapi zeitindha kan hman ning asi lai timi kong ah, caihkhannak an rak ngei peng i, nihin ni tiang cucu an tuah peng ko.
Mekong River at Golden Triangle
Rhine Tivapi cu Europe Ram tiva lianbik pakhat asi i, Europe ramkip nih zeitindah kan ram cio ah, kan hman ning asi lai timi hi, ramkip an i caih tawn i, conference lianpipi an tuah tawn. North America tiva lian bik Mississippi Tivapi zong a zor chin lengmang caah tilawng kalnak ca zong ah harnak a um lengmang. Tivapi tii an zor tik ah, tilawng dinhnak zong thial lengmang an hau i, ahlei in tangka sunghnak zong a chuak than.
Memphis khuapawng Mississippi Tivapi hlei le ti zormi
Amazon Ruah tupi i a ummi Amazon tivapi zong a zawr ngaingai i, Amazon Tivapi hngatchan in a nungmi pawngkammi caah harnak zong tam ngai a chuak. Tivapi tii chungah oxygen dat a tlawm tuk caah, nga le tiichung thilnung million tamtuk an thihter hna. Amazon Tivapi i tivateng asimi Manaquiri le bang ahcun, nga hi million rel cawk lo in an thi ti. Nga lianlian zong tampi an thi.
Amazon tivateng Manaquiri ah nga thimi lak vokkuanglawng kal lio
Africa Continent zong atu le tu nikhua a hrem i, ram cheukhat ahcun tidin ding an ngeih ti lo caah, ramtang sa tam tuk an thih pinah, minung zong tam tuk an thi. Anungmi zong chungkhar ti din ding kawl ah, nihlawh tam tuk an leng. Vawleicung tiva saubik pakhat asimi Nile Tivapi zong duh sah tein a ko ziahmah i, Nile Tivapi hngatchan in a nungmi hna ram caah, duhsah tein harnak a chuak ziahmah i abik in Egypt ram sipuazi caah sunghnak tampi a chuahpi cang ti asi.
Nile Tivapi a carnak hmun pakhat
Nihin ni ah, vawleicung tlang tibual tampi cu tii an zor tuk cang caah, tilawng dinhnak zong an i rawk i, beach thatha zong an chuahtak hna. Cun nga zong an karh kho ti lo; an hme tuk fawn i, sipuazi tampi a rawk. Cucaah tii harnak hi, hmun kip ah ram le miphun piahtana nganpi ah a chuak cang.
Tii nih a zor tak i aa tapmi tilawng
Kawlram zong hi a lin ngaingaimi le tii lei ah harnak a tong khomi ram pakhat kan si ve. Zeicatiah nichuahlei le nitlaklei ah tlangnih a cehmi Kawlram laifang hi, a car ngaingaimi "Semi desert" timi ah a um. Hi hmun ah hin, minung caah dintii a har kho ngaingaimi kan si. Kawlram zong hi 2013 le 2014 ah tii harnak fakpi in an rak tawng i, cozah tiang nih tii an rak phawt hna. Cinthlaknak lei le nga tlaihnak leiah sipuazi zornak zong a chuahter phah ve. Zeitik hmanh ah a car ballomi Inya Tibual tibual zong a reu hrulh i, zohchia ngai in a rak um.
Khua a hrem caah Inya Tibual a carmi le Sedona Hotel (Yangon)
Tii har ruang ah aa tlarmi hna, Dala, Yangon khuakam
Cozah tii phawtmi an bawh lio (Ref. pinkgold.wordpress.com)
Kawlram i ramdang tourist tambik an lennak le a sannnak bik hmun ah a ummi tibual pakhat Inle Tibual zong hi, khuacaan linhsat ruang i tihna an zawr ruang, tibual nitlaklei kap i cintlaknak hmunhma kauh ruang, innlo thar sak ruang le hnawmtam tam ruangah tii a zor chin lengmang nikhatkhat ahcun tibual a lotlau sual lai ti phan a um ngaimi asi. 1935 in 2000 karlak kum 65 chung ah hin, Inle Tibual tii nih a khuhmi area hi 32.4% a zawr i, area sq 69.10 KM in sq 46.69 KM lawng a tang cang. Tii zong a puan chin lengmang i, nikhatkhat ah hi tibual hi a lo men te lai tiah an ruah.
Inle Tibual kam khua
Hnawntam le cinthlak ruangah tibual hitin alo ziahmah
Mizoram zong hi tii a har taktakmi ram asi. Lawngtlai le Lunglei hna cu, zan khuadei tireu hngahnak ah riankhai tlolh dih a rak si tawn. Mizoram hi cerhtii, ruah tii le tiva tii ah aa hngatmi ram asi. Asinain an ram cerh tii le tivate hna hi an car ngai cang i, bochan awk an tha tuk ti lo. Cucaah tivapi tii ah an i hngat cang.
Tahchunhnak ah, Aizawl khualipi kam ummi tiihnar vialte cu an car dih cang. Cucaah 1988 in Tlawng tiva tii an lak i, meter 1,050 a sannak Tuikhutlang tikhawnnak ah, dawt (7) an dawp hnu ah an va khawn chawm. Hi tii hi an lak lio ah mi 80,000 ca an tuakmi asi i, atu minung 150,000 an i hrawm. Hihi India ram ah tii laknak a man a fak bik pakhat asi tiah an ti. Tlawng tivapi zong nihin ni ahcun tivate bantuk in a reu ziamah ve cang ti asi. Nihinni Aizawl mipi hna hi, tii an harsa ngaingai cang. 1998 in Aizawl hi tii pipe dang in pek chap ding an ti nain, tangka dih ding a tam tuk caah, atu tiang an thawk kho rih lo. Aizawl nih le an karh chin lengmang i, a rauh hlan ah Aizawl zong tii harnak an tong hrimhrim lai ti asi.
Mizoram khuadang zong, tlangpar ah tlakmi an si caah, tii an har chin lengmang lai. Cerh le tivate an car chin lengmang lai i, tivapi tii bochan hau te ding an si. Lairam zong kan thang ve lai. Nikhat khat ahcun Tio le Tipi tii hman ning hna zong ah, cuhnak zong kan ngei ve te kho men ko. Nihin ni ahcun kan buai rih lai lo nain, kan techin fapar chan ahcun, ramri tiva tii zong kan i cuh lai lo tiah chim khawh asi lo.
Mizoram ah tii harsat ruangah ngakchia tii than an hau
Lairam zong hi, fingtlang a sang. Hmunhma a chen caah, van ruah surmi tii hi sau aa dil manh lo. Vawleitang ah a lut manh lo i, tii aa khong manh lo. Horkuang ah an lan colh. Cucaah vawleicung khuacaan a linmi ruang ah, cerhtii an ko i, tiva tii an zor chin lengmang cang. Kan ram thingkung, thingram le cerh tii kan runven lo ahcun, kan tiva tii le tikhur an car lai i, a ra lai mi kum sawm chung ah tii harnak fakpi kan tongte lai. Tii ruang ah nihlawh tampi kan leng lai i, chungkhar tangka tampi sunghnak a chuak te lai.
Abik in tlang sannak ummi Hakha, Falam, Mindat, Thantlang tibantuk khua hna ah, hmailei kum tlawmpal ah, tii harsatnak kan tong hrimhrim lai. Cucu "Vawlei bengh i nganh khawh asi lo," bantuk in a fiang cangmi asi. Cucaah, a ra laimi chan kan fanau le hna nih, tii thiangmi duhdim tein an hman khawhnak hnga ding caah, atu lio ram hruaitu hna nih, hi tii harsatnak le buainak hna hi, zeitindah kan tuaktan te lai timi cu, a hlankan in ruah chung le timhlamh chung a hau cang.
Biafunnak
Vawleicung ram kip ah tii a har chin lengmang. Abik in tlangcung le thetse ramcar ah an zual khun. USA California hmanh ah duhdim in tii an hmang kho ti lo. Hi tii harnak hi Lairam zong ah a zual chin lengmang lai. Cucaah Lairam ah tii kan har sualnak hnga lo le tii thian kan din khawhnak hnga, atanglei rian hna hi tuan a herh. Pumpak le chungkhar le cozah tiang kan i bawmh a herh.
1. Cerhtii hna, tiva semnak tiva hna le tuhmawng hna kan vunven an herh
2. Tiiram a hnawn deuhnak ding caah thingram mei in khangh lo ding
3. Thingkung ramkung a sawhsawh in hau lo ding
4. Thingkung tam chinchin in zuah ding
5. Phawngphai paohpaoh ah thingkung cin ding
6. Hnawm hi tiva sawhsawh ah hlonh lo in, a pawn in pawn i, tiva thiang tein chiah ding
7. Pawngkam hninhnonak ding caah, tii dilnak a thatnak hmunhma paoh ruah tii dil ding
8. Khualak zong ah thingkung le theihai kung tampi in cin ding
9. Tlanglo tuahnak in zeidang cinthlaknak in pawcawmnak kawl ding
10. Tii semrel tein hman le ruahtii khawnnak tuah i hman ding
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Zohchunhmi Ca
1. http://www.news10.net/story/news/local/california/2015/01/09/drought-farmers-losses-agriculture/21486783/
2. Hmanthlak hi www.google.com in lakmi an si.
3.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/developmental-issues/Aizawl-spends-big-on-water-but-is-still-dry/articleshow/13835728.cms
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